These off-page ranking factors do not work any more (some - never did) or their value is neglible tiny.
- Many links pointing to the same page
If a page has several links pointing to the same URL this won't give any additional SEO value, since Google only considers the very first link on the page. From the on-page optimization point this means you want to put your navigation menu links somewhere near the end of your HTML source. From the off-page point this means that you need only one link from one URL, because anyways only the first one counts.
Moreover, it even may hurt a bit. Let's suppose there is an external page that has 3 links in total, one of them points to your site. This would mean that one third of the overall link juice of that page flows into your website. Let's imagine then that you asked a webmaster to put one more link to your site to that page. So now it has 4 links, while two of them point to your site. So the link juice is now divided into 4 parts instead of 3, but hey! - the second inbound link from that page is not considered anyway, so in that case you are getting even less link juice than you did before!
- Nofollow links
The SEO value of nofollow links is close to zero as they doesn't pass the PageRank and the link juice doesn't flow through them too. However, the link is always a link. Would you decline a nofollow link from the homepage of Google? This link would not give you any SEO value, but the traffic stream it would generate could smash up any dam.
- Links in signature
Forum post signature is a popular place for links, but the SEO value of such method is extremely low. The fact is that nobody reads your signature unless you become a significant figure in that community and even then the signature links are not worth much. How many times have you opened someone's signature link yourself?
The direct SEO impact of such links is also tiny - the links are usually nofollow and even if they dofollow, they still buried in the depths of forum topics. The amount of the link juice you could obtain through them does not worth to be mentioned.
Does this mean "forget links in signature"? No. If you managed to become a part of the community and got some authority there, every spoken word of you (and your signature links as well) would attract the attention of the whole community. It needs time and efforts for sure, but there is no such thing as free lunch you know.
- Guestbook links
The old as hell technique that never worked.
- Blog comment links
Do not post comments to a blog for the only sake of the link. First, this is SPAM. Second, this doesn't work anyway. Third, most blogs have nofollow links in the comment so don't waste your time on something that doesn't help you, but pisses off all other people at the same time.
- No-PR links
The amount of link juice that no-PR link has is utterly small and what is more important the trust rating it passes to the linked sites is small as well. This means that it is crucial to obtain links from high PageRank sites. Wasting your time on PR0 or no-PR sites is not worth the candles, because you need a bulk load of such links for the changes in your website rankings that you'll probably not even notice.
The PageRank by itself (as stated in the above sections) does not directly affect the position of your website, but it does affect the trust rating of other sites that link to you. Since you want links from trusted websites in the first hand, you should prefer high-PR links before all others.
- Article submission
This one often occurs in many SEO FAQs and guides all over the web: write an article and submit it to article websites. That doesn't work. Well, ok, may be it used to work in the past, but now it doesn't. What is an article? It is a piece of useful text interesting to its readers. Now imagine a guy that is interested in reading 100.000+ very similar articles on some article website. You can't? What's the problem? The problem is: such guy never existed. Nobody wants to read an article made from the parts of another ten articles each of those in their turn was constructed from some initial article written in early 2003 with a keyword synonyms auto-replace software. Who wants to read those articles? Who wants to link to their authors? Nobody.
Surely, articles are good and you defintely want to write some. But submitting them to article websites is useless. Try applying some link bait instead.
- Submitting your site to Google
Useless, because if you have some inbound links it crawls you anyway, and if you don't - ther's no difference whether you submitted the site to Google or not - it won't show up in SERPs. Though you may need this if your site has been excluded from the index for some reason (usually for some black hat SEO) - to include it back when you fixed the issue.
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